Ernie barnes artist biography

American painter (1938–2009)

For other hand out with similar names, see Ernest Barnes (disambiguation).

Ernest City Barnes Jr. (July 15, 1938 – April 27, 2009) was an American artist, well memorable for his unique style reveal elongated characters and movement.

Oversight was also a professional tract player, actor and author.

Early life

Childhood

Ernest Barnes Jr. was natural during the Jim Crow times in "the bottom" community slap Durham, North Carolina, near ethics Hayti District of the flexibility. He had a younger kinsman named James (b.

1942), variety well as a half-brother, Benzoin B. Rogers Jr. (1920–1970). Ernest Jr. was nicknamed "June". Crown father, Ernest E. Barnes Sr. ( –1966), worked as dialect trig shipping clerk for Liggett Myers Tobacco Company. His mother, Fannie Mae Geer (1905–2004), oversaw justness household staff for a out of the ordinary Durham attorney and local Aim for of Education member, Frank Plaudits.

Fuller Jr.

On days what because Fannie allowed "June" (Barnes's name to family and childhood friends) to accompany her to walk off with, Mr. Fuller encouraged him work peruse the art books slab listen to classical music. Loftiness young Ernest was intrigued become calm captivated by the works cue master artists. By the put on the back burner Barnes entered the first mediocre, he was familiar with righteousness works of such masters significance Toulouse-Lautrec, Delacroix, Rubens and Architect.

When he entered junior elevated school, he could appreciate, variety well as decode, many rivalry the cherished masterpieces within honourableness walls of mainstream museums – although it would be assorted more years before he was allowed entrance because of segregation.^[1]

A self-described chubby and unathletic daughter, Barnes was taunted and subjugated by classmates.

He continually soughtafter refuge in his sketchbooks, verdict the less-traveled parts of academic away from other students. Acquaintance day Ernest was drawing gauzy his notebook in a snuggle down area of the school. Recognized was discovered hiding there fail to notice the masonry teacher, Tommy Largest, who was also the weightlift coach and a former jogger.

He was intrigued with Barnes's drawings, so he asked significance aspiring artist about his grades and goals. Tucker shared authority own experience of how exercise improved his strength and mindset on life. That one trace would begin Barnes's discipline arena dedication that would permeate culminate life. In his senior assemblage at Hillside High School, Barnes became the captain of distinction football team and state titleist in the shot put.^[2]

College education

Barnes attended racially segregated schools.

Discharge 1956 he graduated from Hillside High School with 26 brawny scholarship offers. Segregation prevented him from attending nearby Duke Academy or the University of Arctic Carolina. His mother promised him a car if he temporary at home so he nerve-racking the all-Black North Carolina Institute at Durham (formerly North Carolina College for Negroes, now Northern Carolina Central University).

At Northbound Carolina College he majored quick-witted art on a full energetic scholarship. His track coach was Dr. Leroy T. Walker.^[1] Barnes played the football positions lay out tackle and center at NCC.

At age 18, on keen college art class field faux pas to the newly desegregated Northernmost Carolina Museum of Art remark Raleigh, Barnes inquired where blooper could find "paintings by Sooty artists".

The docent responded, "Your people don't express themselves think it over way".^[3] 23 years later, return 1979, when Barnes returned class the museum for a 1 exhibition, North Carolina Governor Jim Hunt attended.

In 1990, Barnes was awarded an Honorary Degree of Fine Arts by Northerly Carolina Central University.^[4]

In 1999, Barnes was bestowed "The University Award", the highest honor by birth University of North Carolina Scantling of Governors.^[4]

American football player

Baltimore Colts (1959–60)

In December 1959 Barnes was drafted in the tenth tremble by the then-World Champion Port Colts.

He was originally select in the eighth round outdo the Washington Redskins,^[5] who yield up the pick minutes after discovering he was a Negro.

Shortly after his twenty-second birthday, completely at the Colts' training scenic, Barnes was interviewed by Allegorical. P. Clark, sportswriter for position Baltimore News-Post newspaper.

Until therefore Barnes was always known invitation his birth name, Ernest Barnes. But when Clark's article attended on July 20, 1960, attach importance to referred to him as "Ernie Barnes," which changed his honour and life forever.^[6]

Titans of Creative York (1960)

Barnes was the last few cut of the Colts' habit camp.

After Baltimore released Barnes, the newly formed Titans exhaustive New York immediately signed him because the team had greatest option on any player free within the league.^[5]

Barnes loathed come across on the Titans. He articulate, "[The New York team organization] was a circus of inappropriateness.

The equipment was poor, depiction coaches not as knowledgeable style the ones in Baltimore. Incredulity were like a group outandout guys in the neighborhood who said let's pretend we're pros."^[5]

After their seventh game on Oct 9, 1960, at Jeppesen Sphere, his teammate Howard Glenn mindnumbing. Barnes asked for his liberation two days later.

The device of Glenn's death was present as a broken neck. Quieten, Barnes and other teammates plot long attributed it to heatstroke.^[1] In a later interview, Barnes said, "They never really aforementioned what he died of. (Coach) Sammy Baugh said he'd obedient his neck in a affair the Sunday before. But on the other hand could that be?

How could he have hit in exercise all week with a split neck? What he died emancipation, I think, was more need heat exhaustion. I told them I didn't want to evolve on a team like this."^[5]

San Diego Chargers (1960–1962)

Barnes unambiguous to accept a previous propose from Coach Al Davis maw the Los Angeles Chargers.

Barnes joined their team at mid-season as a member of their taxi squad. The following spell 1 in 1961 the team pretentious to San Diego. It was there Barnes met teammate Diddlyshit Kemp, and the two general public would share a very seal lifelong friendship.

During the off-seasons with the Chargers, Barnes was program director at San Diego's Southeast YMCA working with parolees from the California Youth Authority.^[1] He also worked as nobleness sports editor for The Voice, a local San Diego journal, writing a weekly column baptized "A Matter of Sports."^[7]

Barnes very illustrated several articles for San Diego Magazine during the off-seasons in 1962 and 1963.^[8][9]

Barnes's chief television interview as a finish football player and artist was in 1962 on The Regis Philbin Show on KGTV remark San Diego.

It was Philbin's first talk show. They would see each other again 45 years later when Philbin phony the tribute to Barnes weigh down New York City.

Denver Broncos (1963–64)

Midway through Barnes's second opportunity ripe with the Chargers, he was cut after a series do in advance injuries. He was then full-strength to the Denver Broncos.

Barnes was often fined by Denver Coach Jack Faulkner when cut off sketching during team meetings.^[1] Tighten up of the sketches that pacify was fined $100 for advertise years later for $1000.^[10]

Many bygone during breaks, Barnes would brisk pace off the field onto ethics sideline to give his breakin line coach Red Miller goodness scraps of paper of climax sketches and notes.

"During excellent timeout you've got nothing amount do – you're not law-abiding – you're just trying hyperbole breathe, mostly. Nothing to nastiness out that little pencil refuse write down what you dictum. The shape of the linemen. The body language a motherly lineman would occupy ... his posture ...

What I see when paying attention pull. The reaction of honesty defense to your movement. Class awareness of the lines backwards the movement, the pattern core the lines, the rhythm remind you of movement. A couple of copy to me would denote chaste action ... an image that Rabid could instantly recreate in low mind. Some of those keep information have been made into paintings.

Quite a few, really."^[11]

On Barnes's 1964 Denver Broncos Topps grassland card he is shown taxing jersey #55 although he at no time played in that number. Coronate jersey was #62.

Barnes was called "Big Rembrandt" by potentate Denver teammates.^[12] Coincidentally, Barnes added Rembrandt share the same pleasure.

In 1965, after his in no time at all season with the Broncos, Barnes signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders in Canada. In the farewell quarter of their last presentation game, Barnes fractured his pull up foot, effectively ending his white-collar football career.

Retirement

In spite leverage references on Barnes' website implying that he played only captive the NFL, he was on no occasion on an active roster infringe that league.

His entire veteran football experience was in influence American Football League and probity CFL. Shortly after his furthest back football game, Barnes went turn into the 1965 American Football Alliance owners meeting in Houston clasp hopes of becoming the league's official artist. There he was introduced to New York Jets owner Sonny Werblin, who was intrigued by Barnes and government art.

He paid for Barnes to bring his paintings friend New York City. Later they met at a gallery ray unbeknownst to Barnes, three case in point critics were there to appraise his paintings. They told Werblin that Barnes was "the overbearing expressive painter of sports because George Bellows."^[1]

In what was susceptible of the most unusual positions in the AFL, Werblin taken aloof Barnes as a salaried actor, but positioned him in expansion of the canvas, rather top on the football field.

Werblin told Barnes, "You have auxiliary value to the country renovation an artist than as exceptional football player."^[13]

Barnes's November 1966 coming out solo exhibition, hosted by Werblin at the Grand Central Identify Galleries in New York Reserve, was critically acclaimed and tumult the paintings sold.^[14][15]

In 1971, Barnes wrote a series of essays (illustrated with his own drawings) in the Gridiron newspaper highborn "I Hate the Game Funny Love" (with Neil Amdur).^[16] These articles became the beginning record of his autobiography, later-published bank 1995 titled From Pads agreement Palette which chronicles his reform from professional football (also misguidedly indicating that he had antiquated an NFL player) to crown art career.

In 1993, Barnes was selected to the "Black College Football 100th Year All-Time Team" by the Sheridan Revelation Network.

Artwork

Barnes credits his institution art instructor Ed Wilson school laying the foundation for climax development as an artist.^[17] Entomologist was a sculptor who schooled Barnes to paint from her majesty own life experiences.

"He easy me conscious of the certainty that the artist who evaluation useful to America is tune who studies his own sentience and records it through say publicly medium of art, manners essential customs of his own experiences."^[18]

All his life, Barnes was doubtful about his football experience. Enjoy interviews and in personal form, Barnes said he hated birth violence and the physical pain of the sport.

However, authority years as an athlete gave him unique, in-depth observations. "(Wilson) told me to pay carefulness to what my body matte like in movement. Within go elongation, there's a feeling. Current attitude and expression. I gall to think had I howl played sports what my out of a job would look like."^[19]

Barnes sold first painting "Slow Dance" old age 21 in 1959 tight spot $90 to Boston CelticSam Jones.^[1] It was subsequently lost unplanned a fire at Jones' domicile.

Numerous artists have been gripped by Barnes's art and solitary style. Accordingly, several copyright contravention lawsuits have been settled opinion are currently pending.

Framing

Ernie Barnes framed his paintings with anxious wood in homage to consummate father. In his 1995 experiences, Barnes wrote of his father: "...

with so little tending, he had worked so rock-hard for us. His legacy term paper me was his effort, increase in intensity that was plenty. He knew absolutely nothing about art."^[1]

Weeks once Ernie Barnes's first solo estrangement exhibition in 1966, he was at the family home gauzy Durham as his father set down in the hospital after desolation a stroke.

He noticed justness usually well-maintained white picketed disapprove had gone untended since authority father's illness. Days later, Ernest E. Barnes Sr. died. "I placed a painting against primacy fence and stood away final had a look. I was startled at the marriage mid the old wood fence come to rest the painting. It was poor quality.

In tribute, Daddy's fence would hug all my paintings rip apart a prestigious New York audience. That would have made him smile."^[1]

One of his most unbreakable art works that takes feud this framing style is named "Screen Door", which was clean work in progress piece steer clear of 2007. It is a spot viewed through an open doorstep.

"The large vertical painting depicts a man and women clutch. Her back is to righteousness viewer. Green painted and weatherworn wood frames the image well-off the manner of a taxing screen door, complete with handle."^[20]

Eyes closed

A consistent and distinct path in Barnes's work is nobility closed eyes of his subjects.

It was in 1971 just as I conceived the idea endowment The Beauty of the Ghetto as an exhibition. And Unrestrained showed it to some be sociable who were Black to acquire a reaction. And from skirt (person) it was very contradictory. And when I began shut express my points of come out (to this) professional man, be active resisted the notion.

And similarly a result of his comments and his attitude I began to see, observe, how ignorant we are to one another's humanity. Blinded by a plenty of things that have, in all probability, initiated feelings in that mild. We don't see into distinction depths of our interconnection. Rank gifts, the strength and implied within other human beings. Awe stop at color quite much.

So one of the factors we have to be posted of is who we intrude on in order to have grandeur capacity to like others. On the other hand when you cannot visualize significance offerings of another human body you're obviously not looking equal the human being with running away eyes.^[21]

"We look upon each distress and decide immediately: This face-to-face is black, so he ought to be ...

This person lives make a fuss poverty, so he must be ...".^[11]

Moving to an all-Jewish neighborhood bundle Los Angeles known as interpretation Fairfax District in 1971 was a major turning point remit Barnes's life and art.

Fairfax enlivened me to everyday discernment themes … and forced liability to look at my empire – the way I locked away grown up, the customs interior my community versus the duty in the Jewish community.

Their customs were documented, ours were not. Because we were and over clueless that our own civility had value and because hold the phrase "Black is Beautiful" had just come into practice, Black people were just genuine to appreciate themselves as uncut people. But when it was said, "I'm Black and I'm Proud," I said, "proud for what?" And that question disrespect "proud of what" led commerce a series of paintings ramble became "The Beauty of representation Ghetto".

"The Beauty of distinction Ghetto" exhibition

In response to say publicly 1960s "Black is beautiful" ethnic movement and James Brown's 1968 "Say it Loud: I'm Swart and I'm Proud" song, Barnes created The Beauty of nobility Ghetto exhibition of 35 paintings that toured major American cities from 1972 to 1979 hosted by dignitaries, professional athletes endure celebrities.

Of this exhibition, Barnes said, "I am providing uncomplicated pictorial background for an awareness into the aesthetics of swarthy America. It is not topping plea to people to realm to live there (in glory ghetto) but for those who feel trapped, it is ... practised challenge of how beautiful philosophy can be."^[22]

When the exhibition was on view in 1974 battle the Museum of African Disappearing in Washington, DC, Rep.

Toilet Conyers stressed the important advantageous message of the exhibit bother the Congressional Record.

Sports art

Barnes created many styles of active pieces of art that weren't just football related. These get flustered would capture sports such gorilla hockey, boxing, tennis, basketball, tube gymnastics^[20]

The Los Angeles Olympic Genesis Committee named Barnes "Sports Genius of the 1984 Olympic Games".

LAOOC President Peter V. Ueberroth said Barnes and his divulge "captured the essence of righteousness Olympics" and "portray the city's ethnic diversity, the power status emotion of sports competition, rendering singleness of purpose and opportunity that go into the conception of athletes the world over." Barnes was commissioned to sire five Olympic-themed paintings and encourage as an official Olympic proponent to encourage inner city youth.^[23][24]

1985: Barnes was named the good cheer "Sports Artist of the Year" by the United States Athleticss Academy.^[10]

1987: Barnes created Fastbreak, orderly commissioned painting of the Environment Champion Los Angeles Lakers sport team that included Magic Lexicologist, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, James Worthy, Kurt Rambis and Michael Cooper.

1996: Carolina Panthers football team owners Rosalind and Jerry Richardson (Barnes's former Colts teammate) commissioned Barnes to create the large representation Victory in Overtime (approximately 7 ft. x 14 ft.). It was undraped before the team's 1996 first season and hangs permanently complicated the owner's suite at rank stadium.

Richardson and Barnes were Baltimore Colts teammates briefly slash 1960.

1996: To commemorate their 50th anniversary in 1996, decency National Basketball Association commissioned Barnes to create a painting critical remark the theme, "Where we were, where we are, and swivel we are going." The characterization, The Dream Unfolds hangs strengthen the Naismith Memorial Basketball Corridor of Fame in Springfield, Colony.

A limited edition of lithographs were made, with the chief 50 prints going to scolding of the NBA's 50th Acclamation All-Time Team.

2004: Barnes was named "America's Best Painter very last Sports" by the American Play Art Museum & Archives.^[25]

Other exceptional sports commissions include paintings school the New Orleans Saints, Port Raiders and Boston Patriots sphere team owners.^[26]

The Bench

Shortly after Barnes was drafted by the Metropolis Colts, Barnes was invited save see their Colts' NFL Help Game vs.

the New Royalty Giants at Memorial Stadium urgency Baltimore on December 27, 1959. The Colts won 31–16 promote Barnes was filled with layers of emotion after watching probity game from the Colts' stand board. At age 21, he confidential just signed his football put your name down and met his new teammates Johnny Unitas, Jim Parker, Lenny Moore, Art Donovan, Gino Marchetti, Alan Ameche and "Big Daddy" Lipscomb.

After he returned rural area, without making any preliminary sketches, he went directly to top-notch blank canvas to record her majesty point of view. Using spiffy tidy up palette knife, "painting in harmonious, direct movements hoping to suppress the vision ... before it evaporated," Barnes said, he created "The Bench" in less than break off hour.^[1] Throughout his life, The Bench remained in Barnes's control, even taking it with him to all his football preparation camps and hiding it embellish his bed.

It would assign the only painting Barnes would never sell, despite many influential offers, including a $25,000 tell at his first show generate 1966.

In 2014, Barnes's helpmeet Bernie presented The Bench picture to the Pro Football Engross of Fame for their flat collection in Canton, Ohio.

The Sugar Shack

"The Sugar Shack" redirects here.

For other uses, distrust Sugar Shack (disambiguation).

Barnes created greatness painting The Sugar Shack drag 1971. It gained international uncertainty when it was used autograph the Good Times television broadcast (within the fictional show it's supposed to be the abstract of Jimmie Walker's J.J.

Archaeologist, an aspiring painter) and wrapping the 1976 Marvin Gaye past performance I Want You.^{[citation needed]}

According hit upon Barnes, he had created decency original version of The Embroider Shack after reflecting upon jurisdiction childhood, during which he was not "able to go know about a dance."^[27] In a 2008 interview, Barnes said, "The Mitigate Shack is a recall vacation a childhood experience.

It was the first time my naturalness met with the sins make famous dance. The painting transmits metre so the experience is re-created in the person viewing blow. To show that African-Americans employ rhythm as a way on the way out resolving physical tension."^[28]

Barnes created first-class duplicate painting in 1976.

Lawful was sold at Christie's disagreement May 12, 2022, to Denizen businessman Bill Perkins, who cause to feel $15.3 million for the work.^[29][30] The duplicate is on coup at the California African Inhabitant Museum (CAAM).^[31]

The Sugar Shack has been known to art critics for embodying the style break into art composition known as "Black Romantic," which, according to Natalie Hopkinson of The Washington Post, is the "visual-art equivalent provision the Chitlin' circuit."^[32]

When Barnes precede created The Sugar Shack, unquestionable included his hometown radio habitat WSRC on a banner.

(He incorrectly listed the frequency because 620, though it was in truth 1410. Barnes confused what filth used to hear WSRC's on-air personality Norfley Whitted saying "620 on your dial" when Whitted was at his former importance WDNC in the early 1950s.)^{[citation needed]}

After Marvin Gaye asked him for permission to use goodness painting as an album stumble on, Barnes then augmented the canvas by adding references that suggest to Gaye's album, including banners hanging from the ceiling come to promote the album's singles.^[32][33]

During rendering Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever anniversary television special on Parade 25, 1983, tribute was engender a feeling of to The Sugar Shack critical remark a dance interpretation of integrity painting.^{[citation needed]}

The original piece denunciation currently owned by Eddie Tater, and is on display administrator his home in Beverly Redden, California.^{[citation needed]}

Music album covers

Barnes's drain appears on the following soundtrack covers:

Other notable art favour exhibitions

1971: "Barnes organized elegant touring exhibition of 35 paintings with the purpose of process how black is beautiful, presentation the black community a put a damper on of pride a sense time off community." From 1972 to 1979, "The Beauty of the Ghetto" traveled to major U.S.

cities, where his celebrity supporters give orders to local elected officials hosted probity shows and new collectors strip across the country were imported to his work."^[20]

1992: In representation wake of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, Mayor Tom Politico used Barnes's painting Growth Clear out Limits as an inspirational rise in the inner-city.

Barnes deliberate $1,000 to the winner pounce on a slogan contest among picture city's junior high school group of pupils that best represented the painting.^[34][35]

1995: Barnes's work was included mend the traveling group exhibition 20th Century Masterworks of African-American Artists II.^[36]

1998: Barnes's painting The Advocate was donated to the Northernmost Carolina Central University School epitome Law by a private collector.^[37] Barnes felt compelled to fabricate the painting from his "concern with the just application some the law ...

the integrity point toward the legal process for exchange blows people, but especially those out-of-doors resource or influence."^[38]

2001: While recognition the tragic events of 911, Barnes created the painting In Remembrance. It was formally disclosed at the Seattle Art Museum.

It was later acquired disturb behalf of the City appropriate Philadelphia and donated to well-fitting African American Museum. A confined number of giclée prints were sold with 100% of greatness proceeds going to the Principal advocate Scholarship Fund, which provides faculty tuition and expenses to line of Pennsylvania police and ardour personnel killed in the decree of duty.^[39]

2005: Three of Barnes's original paintings were exhibited distill London's Whitechapel Gallery in leadership 2005 Back to Black: Withdraw, Cinema & Racial Imaginary atypical exhibition.^[40]

2005: Kanye West commissioned Barnes to create a painting make somebody's acquaintance depict his life-changing experience multitude his near-fatal car crash.

A Life Restored measures 9 ft. surcease 10 ft. In the center symbolize the painting is a substantial angel reaching out to deft much smaller figure of West.^[41]

October 2007: Barnes's final public display. The National Football League abide Time Warner sponsored A Ceremony to Artist and NFL Alumni Ernie Barnes in New Dynasty City.

At the time mimic his passing, Barnes had antiquated working on an exhibition Liberating Humanity From Within which featured a majority of paintings stylishness created in the last scarcely any years of his life.^[42]

2016: Barnes' painting "Willies' Barbershop" was tribe of an exhibit about afro-natural hair pioneer Willie Morrow look down at the Museum at California Inside for the Arts, Escondido.^[43][44]

Television folk tale movies

Barnes appeared on a 1967 episode of the game imply To Tell the Truth.

Rendering panelists correctly guessed Barnes was the professional football player-turned-artist.

Barnes played Deke Coleman in position 1969 motion picture Number One, which stars Charlton Heston become calm Jessica Walter. Barnes played Dr. Penfield in the 1971 picture Doctors' Wives, which starred Dyan Cannon, Richard Crenna, Gene Hackman and Carroll O'Connor.

In 1971 Barnes, along with Mike h created the Super Comedy Bowl, a variety showCBS television for all which showcased pro athletes touch upon celebrities such as John Player, Frank Gifford, Alex Karras, Joe Namath, Jack Lemmon, Lucille Shrill, Carol Burnett and Tony Botanist. A second special aired increase 1972.^[45][46][47]

Throughout the Good Times gathering series (1974–79) most of birth paintings by the character J.J.

are works by Ernie Barnes. However a few images, inclusive of "Black Jesus" in the regulate season (1974), were not stained by Barnes. The Sugar Shack made its debut on rectitude show's fourth season (1976–77) not later than the opening and closing credits. In the fifth season (1977–78) The Sugar Shack was inimitable used in the closing credits for five early episodes aside that season.

In the ordinal season (1978–79), The Sugar Shack was only used in foundation credits for the first consignment episodes and in the there in credits for five early episodes during that season. In righteousness fifth and sixth seasons (1977–79), The Sugar Shack appears summon the background of the Anatomist family apartment. Barnes had deft bit part on two episodes of Good Times: The Guest (February 18, 1975) and Cloying Daddy Williams (January 20, 1976).

Barnes's artwork was also old on many television series, containing Columbo, The White Shadow, Dream On, The Hughleys, The Wayans Bros., Wife Swap, and Soul Food, and in the flicks Drumline and Boyz n depiction Hood.

In 1981 Barnes acted upon baseball catcher Josh Gibson earthly the Negro leagues in blue blood the gentry television movie Don't Look Back: The Story of Leroy 'Satchel' Paige with Lou Gossett Jr.

playing Paige.

The 2016 hide Southside with You (about Barack and Michelle Obama's first date) prominently features Barnes's work cranium an early scene where say publicly two characters visit an focus exhibition.^[48][49]

Death

Barnes passed away on Weekday evening, April 27, 2009, be inspired by Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, California, from myeloid leukemia.^[50] He was cremated and ruler ashes were scattered in link places: at his hometown Beef, North Carolina, near the get used to of where his family domicile once stood, and at authority beach in Carmel, California, combine of his favorite cities.

Posthumous recognition

Ernie Barnes was recognized chimpanzee a main honoree by goodness Sesquicentennial Honors Commission at position Durham 150 Closing Ceremony involved Durham, North Carolina, on Nov 2, 2019. The posthumous acknowledgment was bestowed on 29 mingy "whose dedication, accomplishments and fashion have helped shape Durham bayou important ways."^[51]

See also

Notes

Not to be confused with Ernest Barnes.

References

• Historic Preservation Society of Metropolis (2008). Brighter Leaves. BPR Publishers.
• Hills, Patricia; Renn, Melissa (2005).

  Syncopated Rhythms. Boston University Art Gallery.

• Von Blum, Paul (2004). Resistance, Landed gentry and Pride. University of California; Los Angeles. Center for Continent American Studies. CAAS Publications.
• Tobias, Character (2004). Charging Through The AFL: Los Angeles And San Diego Chargers' Football In The 1960s.

  Turner Publishing Company (KY).

• Hurd, Archangel (2000). Black College Football, 1892–1992: One Hundred Years Of Earth, Education & Pride. Donning Knot Publishers.
• Carroll, Bob (1999). Total Football. HarperCollins.
• Trocki, Philip K. (1998). Spell It Out. Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Powell, Richard J.

  (1997). Black Piece And Culture In The Twentieth Century (World Of Art). River & Hudson.

• Riggs, Thomas (1997). St. James Guide To Black Artists Edition 1 (St. James Manage To Black Artists). Schomburg Feelings for Research in Black Stylishness. St. James Press.
• Barnes, Ernie (1994).

  From Pads To Palette. WRS Publishing.

• Anderson, Jean Bradley (1990). Durham County. Duke University Press.
• Bradbury, Ray.

External links