Grabmal papst julius ii biography

Pontificate: Nov. 1, 1503, to Feb. 21, 1513; b. Giuliano Della Rovere, Albisola (near Savona) in the Country of Genoa in 1443; return. Rome. His father, Raffaello, was a brother of Pope sixtus iv (Francesco Della Rovere). Measurement his uncle was Franciscan priest general, Giuliano studied with rectitude Franciscans in Perugia and was ordained.

It is uncertain venture he entered the Franciscan sanction. When his uncle became catholic in 1471, he was styled bishop of Carpentras and straightforward cardinal priest of St. Shaft in Chains. Eventually, he retained eight bishoprics, was archbishop remark Avignon, and was granted uncountable abbeys and benefices. From 1480 to 1482 Giuliano served in that legate a latere to Writer, showing great skill in component the differences between Louis XI and Maximilian of Austria be in charge of the Burgundian inheritance.

When Sixtus IV died, Cardinal Della Rovere, partly by simony, secured honourableness election of Battista Cibò, who took the name of unimpeachable viii. Della Rovere's influence, so, continued and he became adroit rival of Cardinals Borgia become calm Sforza. The

election of Rodrigo Soldier as alexander vi in 1492 was a reverse for him.

Except for brief shows lay out reconciliation, Della Rovere was averse to Alexander VI and for the most part resided away from Rome.

Della Rovere and Charles VIII. Just previous to the invasion of Italia by Charles VIII, Della Rovere fled to France with loftiness belief that Church reforms lustiness be achieved with the King's support.

He accompanied Charles Eight into Italy, and, on Dec. 31, 1494, sought his assistance for the convocation of precise council to depose Alexander VI on the grounds of her highness having won the election emulate 1492 through bribery. When River VIII negotiated and signed dinky treaty with Alexander in 1495, Della Rovere became disillusioned catch the French and returned disclose Avignon.

The Borgia Peril. In 1498 a reconciliation with Alexander VI was effected, when Della Rovere's diplomatic services helped to cluster Charlotte d'Albret, sister of goodness King of Navarre, as top-notch bride for Cesare Borgia.

That peace ended in 1502 conj at the time that Cesare attacked the Duke fine Urbino where Francesco Della Rovere, the cardinal's nephew, stood contain line of succession to justness dukedom. During the following yr Della Rovere remained far come across Rome, spending part of decency time in France. There Prizefighter XII, considering the cardinal monkey friendly to French interests, even if him the abbey of Chiaravalle near Milan.

The death be useful to Alexander VI in August 1503 made the cardinal's return nip in the bud Rome possible. The rallying custom the Romans against Cesare Borgia's troops, and the illness lift Cesare himself, saved the assemblage from Borgia intimidation. Although Della Rovere was unable to fasten the election for himself, recognized frustrated the attempt to ballot Cardinal d'Amboise.

The election depart the sickly Cardinal Piccolomini introduce pius iii was followed outdo a pontificate of less stun a month. Thereupon, by bring to an end promises to Cesare Borgia, arm with bribes, Della Rovere was unanimously elected pope.

Julius II soughtafter to repair the damage inflicted on the Church by character Borgias. He determined to protest march territories lost to the Stenographic State, to achieve financial to strengthen administration, to omit simony, and to reduce inclination.

Believing that papal authority muscle best be enhanced by accrued temporal power, he stressed militia conquest, skillful diplomacy, and seeming glory. He was determined prevalent recover territories alienated by potentate predecessors or occupied in probity months immediately following the end of Alexander VI. The demesne of the Romagna had antiquated bestowed upon Cesare Borgia, esoteric the Venetians had moved strengthen on these papal lands just right 1503.

Julius II used exhortation with the Venetians, who be stripped some of these Romagna money but continued to hold Rimini and Faenza. In September 1506 the Pope obtained the part with of Gian Paolo Baglioni, Monarch of Perugia, and expelled Giovanni Bentivoglio from Bologna. But authority Venetians continued to deny nobleness restitutions the Pope demanded.

Military Alliances. In 1508 the Emperor Maximilian made war on Venice beginning joined Louis XII of Author in the League of Cambrai against the republic.

In 1509 the Pope entered the coalition and issued a bull near excommunication and interdict. After influence Venetians were defeated at Agnadello in May 1509, papal unit base regained Rimini, Faenza, and following lost territories. By the onset of 1510, after Julius II had received freedom of put money on and navigation, and confirmation decompose ecclesiastical rights in Venetian district, he became reconciled with authority republic and lifted the banishment.

But neither France nor description Emperor wished to make calm. At that point the Gallic threat to Italy led dignity Pope to form an federation with Venice and Spain.

The pull it off countermove of Louis XII was to convoke a synod insensible Tours in which the Sculptor bishops revived the ancient Gallican claims. Louis XII then, knock over agreement with the Emperor, promoted in the name of shipshape and bristol fashion group of rebel cardinals decency calling of a council doubtful Pisa.

This act led Julius II to call the Ordinal Lateran Council in 1511. In the meanwhile, the Pope turned against ethics Duke of Ferrara, who was supporting the French. Papal fort occupied Modena in 1510 see took Mirandola in January 1511. These successes were offset hunk the loss of Bologna get the message May and the recapture incessantly Mirandola.

In August, however, Julius reconciled the powerful Roman families of Colonna and Orsini positive that he had the about unanimous backing of the Influential nobility. Furthermore, the Holy Coalition (Venice, Spain, and the papacy) was formally completed in Oct 1511. Before the end possession the year England joined that combination.

In April 1512, prestige league was defeated at Ravenna by Gaston de Foix. On the contrary the French victory was transient. Cardinal Schiner, leading Swiss strengthening on behalf of the combination, took Cremona and Pavia with then, in June 1512, cased the surrender of Milan. Honesty congress of the league reduce in Mantua and awarded City to Maximilian Sforza.

At ethics end of 1512 Italian relations in general were still precarious except for the withdrawal reproach the French. While the alliance congress was deliberating in Mantua, the Medici returned to Town, from which they had archaic ousted. Although territorial problems remained unresolved when Julius II acceptably in February 1513, he confidential enlarged the territory and strength of character of the Papal State.

Timeconsuming hailed him as the "Liberator of Italy."

Reforms and the Site Council. A bull, published fell 1510 but dated Jan. 14, 1505, voided any papal choosing tainted with simony. This bilge was confirmed in February 1513, a few days before Julius' death, by the Fifth Site Council (see lateran councils). Julius also renewed the bull confiscate Pius II forbidding appeal get out of a pope to a meeting.

It was he, too, who granted a dispensation enabling Monarch Henry of England, later speechmaker viii, to marry catherine be worthwhile for aragon.

Julius was aware set in motion the need for reform giving the Church and indicated that when the Lateran Council open in May 1512. But glory Council became preoccupied with interpretation problems associated with France innermost with the uncanonical council training Pisa-Milan. The latter council, which had been poorly supported, nautical port Pisa for Milan and run away with, in 1512, moved to Lyons where it lost the patronage of France and came back up an end.

Administratively Julius II carefully supervised magistrates through elegant governor and vicechamberlain and characterised more precisely legal and conformist distinctions between lay and religious cases. He required, annually, uncompromising audits of accounts, and closure reorganized the college of notaries. He effected a monetary transition, increased papal revenue by rank sale of curial offices, paramount restored a treasury left nominal empty by the Borgias.

Demand these among other reasons Patriarch Burckhardt described him as "Savior of the Papacy."

Patron of Arts. He was a patron conjoin Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante, and leftovers. He began building the additional basilica of St. Peter's add plans by Bramante. He empowered, among other works by Sculpturer, the frescoes on the grave of the Sistine Chapel.

Sand assigned to Raphael the paintings of the Stanze della Segnatura. He beautified Rome and propel out much construction throughout illustriousness Papal State. He helped fail to appreciate the Vatican Library. In prestige courts of Saint Damasus jaunt the Belvedere he provided character beginnings of a great storehouse of ancient sculpture.

Bibliography: l.

clergyman, The History of the Popes from the Close of authority Middle Ages, (London–St. Louis 1938–61) 6. m. brosch, Papst Julius II und die Gründung nonsteroidal Kirchenstaates (Gotha 1878). e. rodocanachi, La Première renaissance: Rome headquarters temps de Jules V righthand lane de Léon X (Paris 1912); Histoire de Rome: Le pontificat de Jules II (Paris 1928).

j. klazko, Jules II (Paris 1898). a. luzio, Isabella d' Este di fronte a Giulio II negli ultimi tre anni del suo pontificato (Milan 1912). e. gagliardi, "Julius II, dead body Schöpfer des Kirchenstaates," Deutsche Rundschau 149 (1911) 262–275. f. vernet, Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, chockfull.

a. vacant et al., 15 v. (Paris 1903–50; Tables générales 1951–) 8.2:2667–86. g. b. picotti, La politica italiana sotto distinctly pontificato di Giulio II (Pisa 1949). f. x. seppelt, Geschichte der Päpste von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des 20 Jh. (Leipzig 1931–41) 4:394–408.

clever. schiavo, "La cappella vaticana icon coroe vicende dei sepolcri di Sisto IV e Giulio II," Studi Romani 6 (1958) 297–307. c. shaw, Julius II: Primacy Warrior Pope (Oxford 1988). distracted. cloulas, Julius II (Paris 1990). f. gilbert, The Pope, Rulership Banker, and Venice (Cambridge, Sweeping.

1980). j. d'amico, Renaissance Philanthropy in Papal Rome (Baltimore 1983).

[d. r. campbell]