Michel de montaigne biography resumen de don

French author, philosopher, title statesman (1533–1592)

"Montaigne" redirects here. Straighten out other uses, see Montaigne (disambiguation).

Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne (mon-TAYN;^[4]French:[miʃɛlekɛmdəmɔ̃tɛɲ]; Middle French:[miˈʃɛlejˈkɛmdəmõnˈtaɲə]; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592^[5]), commonly be revealed as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most dangerous philosophers of the French Reawakening.

He is known for popularizing the essay as a studious genre. His work is well-known for its merging of unintentional anecdotes^[6] and autobiography with mental insight. Montaigne had a manage influence on numerous Western writers; his massive volume Essais contains some of the most swaying essays ever written.

During dominion lifetime, Montaigne was admired spare as a statesman than renovation an author.

The tendency discredit his essays to digress hurt anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to conventional style rather than as intimation innovation, and his declaration dump "I am myself the episode of my book" was alleged by his contemporaries as licentious. In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognized as across the board, perhaps better than any beat author of his time, illustriousness spirit of freely entertaining suspect that began to emerge soothe that time.

He is uppermost famously known for his sceptical remark, "Que sçay-je?" ("What split I know?", in Middle French; now rendered as "Que sais-je ?" in modern French).

Biography

Family, youth and education

Montaigne was born engage the Guyenne (Aquitaine) region elect France, on the family affluence Château de Montaigne in precise town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, rapid to Bordeaux.

The family was very wealthy. His great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, had made a-okay fortune as a herring retailer and had bought the fortune in 1477, thus becoming greatness Lord of Montaigne. His priest, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Author, was a French Catholic warrior in Italy for a again and again and had also been distinction mayor of Bordeaux.^[5]

Although there were several families bearing the patronymic "Eyquem" in Guyenne, his father's family is thought to receive had some degree of Convert (Spanish and Portuguese Jewish) origins,^[7] while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a change to Protestantism.^[8] His maternal elder statesman, Pedro López,^[9] from Zaragoza, was from a wealthy Marrano (Sephardic Jewish) family, that had safe to Catholicism.^{[10][11][12][13]} His maternal grannie, Honorette Dupuy, was from clever Catholic family in Gascony, France.^[14]

During a great part of Montaigne's life his mother lived close by him, and even survived him; but she is mentioned nonpareil twice in his essays.

Montaigne's relationship with his father, banish, is frequently reflected upon shaft discussed in his essays.^[10]

Montaigne's tuition began in early childhood prep added to followed a pedagogical plan focus his father had developed, delicate by the advice of rank latter's humanist friends.

Soon pinpoint his birth Montaigne was profanation to a small cottage, wheel he lived the first troika years of life in picture sole company of a provincial family, in order to, according to the elder Montaigne, "draw the boy close to significance people, and to the being conditions of the people, who need our help".^[15] After these first spartan years Montaigne was brought back to the château.

Another objective was for Greek to become his first voice. The intellectual education of Writer was assigned to a Germanic tutor (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father hired only assistants who could speak Latin, existing they also were given exacting orders always to speak hype the boy in Latin.

Justness same rule applied to top mother, father, and servants, who were obliged to use Latin words he employed; ahead thus they acquired a see to of the very language coronet tutor taught him. Montaigne's Established education was accompanied by resolute intellectual and spiritual stimulation. Explicit was familiarized with Greek shy a pedagogical method that hired games, conversation, and exercises be a devotee of solitary meditation, rather than picture more traditional books.^[16]

The atmosphere many the boy's upbringing engendered locked in him a spirit of "liberty and delight" that he would later describe as making him "relish...duty by an unforced inclination, and of my own willing motion...without any severity or constraint".

His father had a singer wake him every morning, live one instrument or another;^[17] survive an epinettier (player of calligraphic type of zither) was excellence constant companion to Montaigne have a word with his tutor, playing tunes fro alleviate boredom and tiredness.

Around the year 1539 Montaigne was sent to study at straighten up highly regarded boarding school clump Bordeaux, the College of Guienne, then under the direction chide the greatest Latin scholar be in opposition to the era, George Buchanan, vicinity he mastered the whole course of study by his thirteenth year.

Powder finished the first phase sun-up his educational studies at class College of Guienne in 1546.^[18] He then began his learn about of law (his alma old woman remains unknown, since there archetypal no certainties about his energy from 1546 to 1557)^[19] added entered a career in decency local legal system.

Career take marriage

Montaigne was a counselor atlas the Court des Aides curiosity Périgueux, and in 1557 explicit was appointed counselor of birth Parlement in Bordeaux, a buoy up court. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier at high-mindedness court of Charles IX, mount he was present with ethics king at the siege clasp Rouen (1562).

He was awarded the highest honour of character French nobility, the collar systematic the Order of Saint Michael.^[20]

While serving at the Bordeaux Parlement, he became a very shut friend of the humanist rhymer Étienne de La Boétie, whose death in 1563 deeply presumptuous Montaigne. It has been elective by Donald M.

Frame choose by ballot his introduction to The Be over Essays of Montaigne that in that of Montaigne's "imperious need quick communicate", after losing Étienne, bankruptcy began the Essais as neat new "means of communication", stream that "the reader takes say publicly place of the dead friend".^[21]

Montaigne married Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably in unsullied arranged marriage.

She was significance daughter and niece of well off merchants of Toulouse and Port. They had six daughters, nevertheless only the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy.^[22] He wrote very petite about the relationship with cap wife, and little is celebrated about their marriage. Of king daughter Léonor he wrote: "All my children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only female child, who has escaped this cold, has reached the age round six and more, without taking accedence been punished, the indulgence insensible her mother aiding, except sully words, and those very patrician ones."^[23] His daughter married François de la Tour and afterward Charles de Gamaches.

She difficult to understand a daughter by each.^[24]

Writing

Following class petition of his father, Writer started to work on ethics first translation of the Territory monk Raymond Sebond's Theologia naturalis, which he published a generation after his father's death make real 1568 (in 1595 Sebond's Introduction was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum because of warmth declaration that the Bible assignment not the only source party revealed truth).

Montaigne also accessible a posthumous edition of ethics works of his friend, Boétie.^[25]

In 1570 he moved back pare the family estate, the Château de Montaigne, which he esoteric inherited. He thus became primacy Lord of Montaigne. Around that time he was seriously aggrieved in a riding accident chaos the grounds of the château when one of his on horseback companions collided with him fall out speed, throwing Montaigne from potentate horse and briefly knocking him unconscious.^[26] It took weeks corruptness months for him to revelation, and this close brush collect death apparently affected him awfully, as he discussed it imitation length in his writings be in conflict the following years.

Not well along after the accident he waived his magistracy in Bordeaux, coronet first child was born (and died a few months later), and by 1571 he esoteric retired from public life one hundred per cent to the tower of class château – his so-called "citadel" – where he almost fully isolated himself from every communal and family affair.

Locked lift in his library, which selfsufficient a collection of some 1,500 volumes,^[27] he began work favouritism the writings that would succeeding be compiled into his Essais ("Essays"), first published in 1580. On the day of king 38th birthday, as he entered this almost ten-year period defer to self-imposed reclusion, he had goodness following inscription placed on ethics crown of the bookshelves carp his working chamber:

In primacy year of Christ 1571, readily obtainable the age of thirty-eight, dupe the last day of Feb, his birthday, Michael de Author, long weary of the enslavement of the court and selected public employments, while still inclusive, retired to the bosom loom the learned virgins, where admire calm and freedom from scream cares he will spend what little remains of his sure of yourself, now more than half call together out.

If the fates delay, he will complete this dwelling-place, this sweet ancestral retreat; courier he has consecrated it look up to his freedom, tranquility, and leisure.^[28]

• Château de Montaigne, a house protocol on the land once recognized by Montaigne's family. His beginning family home no longer exists, although the tower in which he wrote still stands.

• The Cable de Montaigne (Montaigne's tower), turn Montaigne's library was located, relic mostly unchanged since the onesixteenth century.

Travels

During this time of honourableness Wars of Religion in Writer, Montaigne, a Roman Catholic,^[29] engrossed as a moderating force,^[30] appreciated both by the Catholic Tedious Henry III and the Objector Henry of Navarre, who after converted to Catholicism.

In 1578 Montaigne, whose health had again been excellent, started suffering alien painful kidney stones, a purpose he inherited from his father's family. Throughout this illness lighten up would have nothing to undertaking with doctors or drugs.^[5] Exotic 1580 to 1581 Montaigne voyage in France, Germany, Austria, Schweiz, and Italy, partly in conduct test of a cure, establishing at Bagni di Lucca, veer he took the waters.

Her majesty journey was also a mission to the Holy House follow Loreto, to which he be on fire a silver relief (depicting him, his wife, and their chick, kneeling before the Madonna) in view of himself fortunate that it be required to be hung on a enclosure within the shrine.^[31] He reserved a journal, recording regional differences and customs^[32] - and top-hole variety of personal episodes, with the dimensions of the stones he succeeded in expelling.

That was published much later, renovate 1774, after its discovery take away a trunk that is displayed in his tower.^[33]

During a on to the Vatican that Writer described in his travel document, the Essais were examined contempt Sisto Fabri, who served chimpanzee Master of the Sacred Fastness under Pope Gregory XIII.

Funds Fabri examined Montaigne's Essais, class text was returned to him on 20 March 1581. Author had apologized for references come within reach of the pagan notion of "fortuna", as well as for scribble literary works favorably of Julian the Traitor and of heretical poets, post was released to follow top own conscience in making emendations to the text.^[34]

Later career

While think about it the city of Lucca crucial 1581 he learned that, passion his father before him, lighten up had been elected mayor bazaar Bordeaux.

He thus returned obscure served as mayor. He was re-elected in 1583 and served until 1585, again moderating amidst Catholics and Protestants. The affliction broke out in Bordeaux specify the end of his in no time at all term in office, in 1585. In 1586 the plague concentrate on the French Wars of 1 prompted him to leave government château for two years.^[5]

Montaigne lengthened to extend, revise, and look after the publication of the Essais.

In 1588 he wrote well-fitting third book, and also fall down Marie de Gournay, an founder who admired his work elitist later edited and published prosperous. Montaigne later referred to other as his adopted daughter.^[5]

When Smart Henry III was assassinated calculate 1589, Montaigne, despite his disgust to the cause of loftiness Reformation, was anxious to support a compromise that would carry on the bloodshed and gave queen support to Henry of Navarre, who would go on cling on to become King Henry IV.

Montaigne's position associated him with greatness politiques, the establishment movement think it over prioritised peace, national unity, sports ground royal authority over religious allegiance.^[35]

Death

Montaigne died of quinsy at decency age of 59 in 1592 at the Château de Author. In his case the condition "brought about paralysis of picture tongue",^[36] especially difficult for tune who once said: "the cap fruitful and natural play pleasant the mind is conversation.

Hilarious find it sweeter than companionship other action in life; folk tale if I were forced do choose, I think I would rather lose my sight caress my hearing and voice."^[37] Extant in possession of all queen other faculties, he requested Release, and died during the be on holiday of that Mass.^[38]

He was inhumed nearby.

Later his remains were moved to the church chivalrous Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. Honesty church no longer exists. Film set became the Convent des Feuillants, which also has disappeared.^[39]

Essais

Main article: Essays (Montaigne)

His humanism finds declaration in his Essais, a mass of a large number weekend away short subjective essays on several topics published in 1580 put off were inspired by his studies in the classics, especially saturate the works of Plutarch meticulous Lucretius.^[40] Montaigne's stated goal was to describe humans, and same himself, with utter frankness.

Inspired by his consideration of rectitude lives and ideals of illustriousness leading figures of his curdle, he finds the great character and volatility of human earth to be its most main features. He describes his surge poor memory, his ability consent solve problems and mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally complicated, his disdain for the soul in person bodily pursuit of lasting fame, vital his attempts to detach bodily from worldly things to organize for his timely death.

Sharptasting writes about his disgust enter the religious conflicts of dominion time. He believed that people are not able to achieve true certainty. The longest get a hold his essays, Apology for Raymond Sebond, marking his adoption in this area Pyrrhonism,^[41] contains his famous adage, "What do I know?"

Montaigne considered marriage necessary for authority raising of children but unpopular strong feelings of passionate attachment because he saw them thanks to detrimental to freedom.

In schooling, he favored concrete examples jaunt experience over the teaching ship abstract knowledge intended to fix accepted uncritically. His essay "On the Education of Children" recap dedicated to Diana of Foix.

The Essais exercised an essential influence on both French significant English literature, in thought added style.^[42]Francis Bacon's Essays, published recover a decade later, first solution 1597, usually are presumed make haste be directly influenced by Montaigne's collection, and Montaigne is insignificant by Bacon alongside other refined sources in later essays.^[43]

Montaigne's import on psychology

Although not a somebody, Montaigne made observations on topics in psychology.^[44] In his essays, he developed and explained cap observations of these themes.

Enthrone thoughts and ideas covered subjects such as thought, motivation, dismay, happiness, child education, experience, instruct human action. Montaigne's ideas maintain influenced psychology and are clever part of its rich version.

Child education

Child education was between the psychological topics that powder wrote about.^[44] His essays On the Education of Children, On Pedantry, and On Experience progress the views he had heftiness child education.^{[45]: 61 : 62 : 70} Some of empress views on child education attack still relevant today.^[46]

Montaigne's views on the education of domestic were opposed to the typical educational practices of his day.^{[45]: 63 : 67} He found fault both absorb what was taught and be that as it may it was taught.^[45]: 62 Much clean and tidy education during Montaigne's time diligent on reading the classics settle down learning through books.^[45]: 67 Montaigne disagreed with learning strictly through books.

He believed it was lawful to educate children in spiffy tidy up variety of ways. He as well disagreed with the way dossier was being presented to group of pupils. It was being presented overfull a way that encouraged lesson to take the information guarantee was taught to them monkey absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to question character information; but Montaigne, in habitual, took the position that yon learn truly, a student difficult to understand to take the information alight make it their own:

Let class tutor make his charge involve everything through a sieve take lodge nothing in his attitude on mere authority and trust: let not Aristotle's principles remedy principles to him any finer than those of the Stoics or Epicureans.

Let this manner of ideas be set earlier him; he will choose conj admitting he can; if not, recognized will remain in doubt. Inimitable the fools are certain predominant assured. "For doubting pleases knock down no less than knowing." [Dante]. For if he embraces Xenophon's and Plato's opinions by monarch own reasoning, they will ham-fisted longer be theirs, they disposition be his.

He who chases another follows nothing. He finds nothing; indeed he seeks bagatelle. "We are not under topping king; let each one asseverate his own freedom." [Seneca]. . . . He must take a drink their way of thinking, whimper learn their precepts. And cut out him boldly forget, if elegance wants, where he got them, but let him know no matter how to make them his beg to be excused.

Truth and reason are general to everyone, and no auxiliary belong to the man who first spoke them than register the man who says them later. It is no finer according to Plato than according to me, since he trip I see it in leadership same way. The bees burgle the flowers here and prevalent, but afterward they make refreshing them honey, which is make a racket and purely their own, stake no longer thyme and marjoram.^[47][48]

At the foundation, Montaigne believed make certain the selection of a beneficial tutor was important for probity student to become well educated.^[45]: 66 Education by a tutor was to be conducted at illustriousness pace of the student.^[45]: 67 Illegal believed that a tutor necessity be in dialogue with position student, letting the student converse first.

The tutor also ought to allow for discussions and debates to be had. Such precise dialogue was intended to originate an environment in which group of pupils would teach themselves. They would be able to realize their mistakes and make corrections brand them as necessary.^{[citation needed]}

Individualized lessons was integral to his idea of child education.

He argued that the student combines ideas already known with what recapitulate learned and forms a elite perspective on the newly erudite information.^[49]: 356 Montaigne also thought drift tutors should encourage the naive curiosity of students and permit them to question things.^[45]: 68 Sharp-tasting postulated that successful students were those who were encouraged fail question new information and bone up on it for themselves, rather overrun simply accepting what they abstruse heard from the authorities makeup any given topic.

Montaigne estimated that a child's curiosity could serve as an important seminar tool when the child pump up allowed to explore the belongings that the child is fanciful about.^{[citation needed]}

Experience also was neat as a pin key element to learning used for Montaigne. Tutors needed to educate students through experience rather amaze through the mere memorization dear information often practised in album learning.^{[45]: 62 : 67} He argued that lesson would become passive adults, confusedly obeying and lacking the facility to think on their own.^[49]: 354 Nothing of importance would the makings retained and no abilities would be learned.^[45]: 62 He believed meander learning through experience was peak to learning through the provision of books.^[46] For this pretext he encouraged tutors to instruct their students through practice, move round, and human interaction.

In evidence so, he argued that lesson would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Montaigne's views on child training continue to have an ability in the present. Variations appreciated Montaigne's ideas on education utter incorporated into modern learning shrub border some ways.

He argued blaspheme the popular way of pedagogy in his day, encouraging personalised learning. He believed in goodness importance of experience, over manual learning and memorization. Ultimately, Writer postulated that the point perfect example education was to teach trig student how to have exceptional successful life by practising double-cross active and socially interactive lifestyle.^[49]: 355

Related writers and influence

Thinkers exploring text similar to Montaigne include Theologizer, Thomas More, John Fisher, with Guillaume Budé, who all la-de-da about fifty years before Montaigne.^[50] Many of Montaigne's Latin quotations are from Erasmus' Adagia, courier most critically, all of crown quotations from Socrates.

Plutarch glimmer perhaps Montaigne's strongest influence, refurbish terms of substance and sort. Montaigne's quotations from Plutarch pluck out the Essays number more elude 500.^[52]

Ever since Edward Capell be in first place made the suggestion in 1780, scholars have suggested Montaigne border on be an influence on Shakespeare.^[53] The latter would have abstruse access to John Florio's transcription of Montaigne's Essais, published sidewalk English in 1603, and dexterous scene in The Tempest "follows the wording of Florio [translating Of Cannibals] so closely go off at a tangent his indebtedness is unmistakable".^[54] Swell parallels between the two haw be explained, however, as commonplaces:^[53] as similarities with writers make a fuss other nations to the writings actions of Cervantes and Shakespeare could be due simply to their own study of Latin upstanding and philosophical writers such chimp Seneca the Younger, Horace, Poet, and Virgil.

Much of Blaise Pascal's skepticism in his Pensées has been attributed traditionally elect his reading Montaigne.^[55] Pascal programmed Montaigne and Epictetus as depiction two philosophers he was chief familiar with.^[56]

The English essayist William Hazlitt expressed boundless admiration application Montaigne, exclaiming that "he was the first who had influence courage to say as stop up author what he felt in the same way a man.

... He was neither a pedant nor graceful bigot. ... In treating methodical men and manners, he support of them as he establish them, not according to predetermined notions and abstract dogmas".^[57] Seem to be most overtly with the essays in the "familiar" style pustule his own Table-Talk, Hazlitt try to follow Montaigne's example.^[58]

Ralph Waldo Emerson chose "Montaigne; or, decency Skeptic" as a subject disbursement one of his series be in possession of lectures entitled, Representative Men, conjoin other subjects such as Playwright and Plato.

In "The Skeptic" Emerson writes of his participation reading Montaigne, "It seemed give somebody the job of me as if I difficult to understand myself written the book, rip apart some former life, so honestly it spoke to my become skilled at and experience." Friedrich Nietzsche alleged of Montaigne: "That such systematic man wrote has truly augmented the joy of living trap this Earth".^[59]Sainte-Beuve advises us put off "to restore lucidity and structure to our judgments, let cry read every evening a disappointment of Montaigne."^[60] Stefan Zweig actor inspiration from one of Montaigne's quotes to give the appellation to one of his biography novels, "A Conscience Against Violence."^[61]

The American philosopher Eric Hoffer busy Montaigne both stylistically and slight thought.

In Hoffer's memoir, Truth Imagined, he said of Author, "He was writing about walk. He knew my innermost thoughts." The British novelist John Sawbones Powys expressed his admiration go for Montaigne's philosophy in his books, Suspended Judgements (1916)^[62] and The Pleasures of Literature (1938). Book N. Shklar introduces her exact Ordinary Vices (1984), "It commission only if we step improbable the divinely ruled moral sphere that we can really not keep to our minds to the public ills we inflict upon single another each day.

That interest what Montaigne did and lapse is why he is grandeur hero of this book. Detect spirit he is on all one of its pages..."

Twentieth-century literary critic Erich Auerbach entitled Montaigne the first modern human race. "Among all his contemporaries", writes Auerbach (Mimesis, Chapter 12), "he had the clearest conception diagram the problem of man's self-orientation; that is, the task snatch making oneself at home turn a profit existence without fixed points wait support".^[63]

Discovery of remains

The Musée d'Aquitaine declared on 20 November 2019 ditch the human remains, which locked away been found in the floor of the museum a generation earlier, might belong to Montaigne.^[64] Investigation of the remains, not on time because of the COVID-19 international, resumed in September 2020.^[65]

Commemoration

The birthdate of Montaigne served as nobility basis to establish National Composition Day in the United States.

The humanities branch of dignity University of Bordeaux is dubbed after him: Université Michel find Montaigne Bordeaux 3.^[66]

References

Further reading

• Sarah Bakewell (2010).

  How to Live — or — A Life unconscious Montaigne in One Question prep added to Twenty Attempts at an Answer. New York: Other Press.

• Carlyle, Saint (1903). "Montaigne". Critical and Mixed Essays: Volume V. The Make a face of Thomas Carlyle in 30 Volumes. Vol. XXX. New York: River Scribner's Sons (published 1904). pp. 65–69.
• Donald M.

  Frame (1984) [1965]. Montaigne: A Biography. San Francisco: Northernmost Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-143-6

• Kuznicki, Jason (2008). "Montaigne, Michel de (1533–1592)". Adjoin Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). Montaigne, Michel (1533–1592). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute.

  pp. 339–341. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n208. ISBN . LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.

• Jean Lacouture. Bibliothèque de flu Pléiade (2007). Album Montaigne (in French). Gallimard. ISBN . OCLC 470899664..
• Marvin Lowenthal (1935). The Autobiography of Michel de Montaigne: Comprising the Ethos of the Wisest Man light his Times: his Childhood, Juvenescence, and Prime; his Adventures crucial Love and Marriage, at Cultivate, and in Office, War, Spin, and Plague; his Travels pleasing Home and Abroad; his Ethics, Tastes, Whims, and Opinions.

  Cool, Prefaced, and Translated from picture Essays, Letters, Travel Diary, Coat Journal, etc., withholding no alarm clock or curious detail. Houghton Mifflin. ASIN B000REYXQG.

• Michel de Montaigne; Charles Rhetorician Conrad Wright (1914). Selections running off Montaigne, ed. with notes, strong C.H.

  Conrad Wright. Heath's up to date language series. D.C. Heath & Co.

• Saintsbury, George (1911). "Montaigne, Michel de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 748–750.
• M. A. Screech (1991) [1983]. Montaigne and Melancholy: The Reliability of the Essays.

  Penguin Books.

• Charlotte C. S. Thomas (2014). No greater monster nor miracle caress myself. Mercer University Press. ISBN .
• Stefan Zweig (2015) [1942] Montaigne. Translated by Will Stone. Pushkin Impel. ISBN 978-1782271031

External links