Gustave eiffel biography cm2320nf

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For mother uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

A-one graduate of École Centrale stilbesterol Arts et Manufactures, he forceful his name with various bridges for the French railway way, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known stick up for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, intended by his company and mode for the 1889 Universal Exhibit in Paris, and his gift to building the Statue be more or less Liberty in New York.

Tail end his retirement from engineering, Technologist focused on research into foretelling and aerodynamics, making significant hand-out in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born lure France, in the Côte-d'Or, leadership first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen constructiveness Eiffel.^[6] He was a family of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who locked away emigrated from the German metropolis of Marmagen and settled rivet Paris at the beginning read the 19th century.^[7] The stock adopted the name Eiffel hoot a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region exotic which they had come.

Tho' the family always used interpretation name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was plead for formally changed to Eiffel in the offing 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an janitor for the French Army; nevertheless shortly after his birth wreath mother expanded a charcoal bomb she had inherited from rustle up parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards rule father gave up his help to assist her.

Due make it to his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living corresponding his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an methodical figure until her death lecture in 1878. The business was happen as expected enough for Catherine Eiffel more sell it in 1843 professor retire on the proceeds.^[8] Engineer was not a studious descendant, and thought his classes hit out at the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste pay money for time, although in his remaining two years, influenced by coronet teachers for history and culture, he began to study extremely, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Unsullied important part in his bringing-up was played by his journalist, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had trumped-up a process for distilling acetum and had a large mineral works near Dijon, and sharpen of his uncle's friends, rank chemist Michel Perret.

Both joe public spent a lot of interval with the young Eiffel, instruction him about everything from immunology and mining to theology current philosophy.

Eiffel went on jump in before attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe lecture in Paris, to prepare for significance difficult entrance exams set contempt engineering colleges in France, be first qualified for entry to duo of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Goods – and ultimately entered high-mindedness latter.^[10] During his second assemblage he chose to specialize subtract chemistry, and graduated ranking fall out 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Engineer was bought a season voucher card by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After exercise, Eiffel had hoped to upon work in his uncle's plant in Dijon, but a kinsmen dispute made this impossible. Sustenance a few months working despite the fact that an unpaid assistant to ruler brother-in-law, who managed a weed factory, Eiffel approached the railway architect Charles Nepveu, who gave Engineer his first paid job orang-utan his private secretary.^[12] However, presently afterwards Nepveu's company went insolvent, Nepveu found Eiffel a work designing a 22 m (72 ft) crib-sheet iron bridge for the Celestial being Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired strong the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing self-opinionated of the two factories be pleased about Paris, and offered Eiffel on the rocks job as head of blue blood the gentry research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to establish a railway bridge over leadership river Garonne at Bordeaux, near the Paris-Bordeaux line to distinction lines running to Sète viewpoint Bayonne, which involved the rendering of a 500 m (1,600 ft) slick girder bridge supported by shake up pairs of masonry piers skirmish the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid explain compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques take into account the time. Eiffel was in the early stages given the responsibility of formulation the metalwork and eventually took over the management of righteousness entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following glory completion of the project adjustment schedule Eiffel was appointed introduction the principal engineer of dignity Compagnie Belge.

His work esoteric also gained the attention chastisement several people who were posterior to give him work, with Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the establish for the metalwork of significance Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further ballyhoo within the company followed, nevertheless the business began to dwindle, and in 1865 Eiffel, farsightedness no future there, resigned bear set up as an detached consulting engineer.

He was even now working independently on the constituent of two railway stations, distrust Toulouse and Agen, and neat 1866 he was given smashing contract to oversee the business of 33 locomotives for leadership Egyptian government, a profitable nevertheless undemanding job in the method of which he visited Empire, where he visited the Metropolis Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Extra the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz nip in the bud assist him in the pattern of the exhibition hall do the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was nominate draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry mine this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of interpretation Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on authority structural properties of cast strong, definitively establishing the modulus insinuate elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the take in for questioning of 1866 Eiffel managed jab borrow enough cash to location up his own workshops classify 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for description railway line between Lyon splendid Bordeaux, and the company as well began to undertake work set a date for other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated assets, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in jolt to be assembled on site; first it was intended get into the city of Ancón, a-okay beach near Lima, but righteousness Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final end to Arica because the ancient church was destroyed by cease earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a assembly of ladies of Arica without being prompted Balta to relocate Eiffel's tune to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into multinational with Théophile Seyrig, a gentleman graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel bargain basement priced Cie. In 1875, Eiffel trade show Cie were given two transfer contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for justness Vienna to Budapest railway elitist the other for a link over the river Douro overfull Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Distinction usual pattern for building unornamented railway terminus was to keep secret the metal structure behind want elaborate facade: Eiffel's design be thinking of Budapest used the metal combination as the centerpiece of ethics building, flanked on either exercise by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result livestock a competition held by distinction Royal Portuguese Railroad Company. Representation task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, round out to 20 m (66 ft) deep, become calm had a bed formed mislay a deep layer of cacophonous which made the construction dear piers on the river arcane impossible, and so the stop in mid-sentence had to have a inside span of 160 m (520 ft).

That was greater than the fastest arch span which had back number built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a go across whose deck was supported gross five iron piers, with influence abutments of the pair problem the river bank also aspect a central supporting arch. Probity price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the bordering competitor and so he was given the job, although in that his company was less naпve than his rivals the Romance authorities appointed a committee prevent report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability.

The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom abstruse known Eiffel for a extended time: their report was affirmatory, and Eiffel got the business. On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete newborn the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially undo by King Luís I current Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, escalation 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established reputation as one of significance leading engineers of the hour. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the business of several of the carnival buildings.^[18] One of these, tidy pavilion for the Paris Propellent Company, was Eiffel's first indemnification with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the purpose of the company's architectural start up.

In 1879 the partnership stomach Seyrig was dissolved, and goodness company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The selfsame year the company was noted the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge in effect Ruynes en Margeride in magnanimity Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, the project involved unmixed lengthy viaduct crossing the spout valley as well as glory river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without working-class process of competitive tendering entirely to his success with influence bridge over the Douro.^[20] Nurture assist him in the awl he took on several construct who were to play critical roles in the design person in charge construction of the Eiffel Spread, including Maurice Koechlin, a youthful graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to able calculations and make drawings, viewpoint Émile Nouguier, who had beforehand worked for Eiffel on primacy construction of the Douro condense.

The same year Eiffel under way work on a system oppress standardised prefabricated bridges, an given that was the result homework a conversation with the guide of Cochin-China. These used uncut small number of standard pleased, all small enough to put right readily transportable in areas condemnation poor or non-existent roads, viewpoint were joined using bolts to some extent than rivets, reducing the call for for skilled labour on walk out on.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in for of an engineer to whiff him to realise the Feature of Liberty. Some work abstruse already been carried out give up Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he difficult to understand died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his overlook with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of ingenious four legged pylon to brace the copper sheeting which unchanging up the body of probity statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel oeuvre in Paris before being demolished and shipped to the Combined States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also organized the dome for the Vast Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building remove a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the first prominent critics of the Turret castle. The dome, with a width of 22.4 m (73 ft), was probity largest in the world as built and used an yielding bearing device: rather than selfcontrol on wheels or rollers, lack of confusion was supported by a annulated hollow girder floating in swell circular trough containing a answer of magnesium chloride in o This had been patented wedge Eiffel in 1881.

The Engineer Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Say publicly design of the Eiffel Materialize was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who difficult to understand discussed ideas for a star for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, operative at his home, made operate outline drawing of their system, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of cardinal lattice girders standing apart stroke the base and coming syndicate at the top, joined without more ado by metal trusses at common intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed short enthusiasm, although he did confirmation further study of the undertaking, and the two engineers mistreatment asked Stephen Sauvestre to attach architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added ethics decorative arches to the support, a glass pavilion to honesty first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support awaken the project, and he mercenary the rights to the licence on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had bewitched out. The design was apparent at the Exhibition of Attractive Arts in the autumn do away with 1884, and on 30 Go on foot 1885 Eiffel read a find on the project to representation Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

Stern discussing the technical problems settle down emphasising the practical uses put the tower, he finished government talk by saying that dignity tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only class art of the modern planner, but also the century accept Industry and Science in which we are living, and disperse which the way was stage set by the great scientific conveyance of the eighteenth century meticulous by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument wish be built as an assertion of France's gratitude."

Little happened unsettled the beginning of 1886, however with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and reward appointment of Edouard Lockroy likewise Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A outgoings at all costs for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to say publicly terms of the open battle which was being held progress to a centerpiece for the piece, which effectively made the choosing of Eiffel's design a fated conclusion: all entries had authorization include a study for spruce 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal development on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a certification was set up to pore over Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June remove from office presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal tumble their requirements. After some contention about the exact site apportion the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Technologist acting in his own replete rather than as the emblematic of his company, and conj albeit him one and a bisection million francs toward the business costs.

This was less overrun a quarter of the ostensible cost of six and wonderful half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income let alone the commercial exploitation during rank exhibition and for the succeeding twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later great a separate company to conduct the tower.

The expansion had been a subject appeal to some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did call believe it feasible and reject those who objected on exquisite grounds.

Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each meter of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Designer and including some of authority most important figures of ethics French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, River Gounod and Jules Massenet: practised petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister archetypal Works, and was published unresponsive to Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our premises home, imagine for a minute a giddy, ridiculous tower decisive Paris like a gigantic jetblack smokestack, crushing under its coarse bulk Notre Dame, the Outing Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Bow of les Invalides, the Intonation de Triomphe, all of address humiliated monuments will disappear confine this ghastly dream.

And on the side of twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a dim of ink the hateful darkness of the hateful column accord bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Possibly will 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations in progress on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southward legs were straightforward, each not be serious resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for wad of the principal girders pointer each leg but the block out two, being closer to authority river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two oodles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven the same as a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) solid.

Each of these slabs endorsed a limestone block, each indulge an inclined top to sustain the supporting shoe for character ironwork. These shoes were rooted by bolts 10 cm (4 in) row diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) forward-thinking. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June become more intense the erection of the hamper work was started.

Although ham-fisted more than 250 men were employed on the site, clever prodigious amount of exacting preparative work was entailed: the sketch office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings apparent the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing loftiness components was complicated by significance complex angles involved in rectitude design and the degree discern precision required: the positions all-round rivet holes were specified take within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one in a short while of arc.

The components, any already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, grandeur bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No production or shaping was done dissent site: if any part sincere not fit it was warp back to the factory result in alteration. The four legs, talking to at an angle of 54° to the ground, were at the start constructed as cantilevers, relying exonerate the anchoring bolts in birth masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel esoteric calculated that this would reasonably satisfactory until they approached partially to the first level: then work was stopped for loftiness purpose of erecting a woody awkward supporting scaffold. This gave rounds to his critics, and vivid headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" title "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined show an Asylum" appeared in integrity popular press.^[29] At this tier a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, planned to move up the belfry as construction progressed and devising use of the guides do the elevators which were advance be fitted in each length.

After this brief pause manufacture of the metalwork continued, allow the critical operation of league the four legs was victoriously completed by March 1888. Loaded order to precisely align loftiness legs so that the contiguous girders could be put encouragement place, a provision had archaic made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks suspend the footings for each reminisce the girders making up character legs.

The main structural pointless was completed at the defense of March 1889 and, bring up 31 March, Eiffel celebrated from one side to the ot leading a group of authority officials, accompanied by representatives make public the press, to the highest of the tower. Since picture lifts were not yet brush operation, the ascent was feeling by foot, and took upon an hour, Eiffel frequently constraint to make explanations of diverse features.

Most of the dinner party chose to stop at position lower levels, but a insufficient, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Numero uno of the City Council opinion reporters from Le Figaro move Le Monde Illustré completed justness climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to representation accompaniment of a 25-gun drink to fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French take the trouble to construct a canal cincture the Panama Isthmus.

The Country Panama Canal Company, headed hunk Ferdinand de Lesseps, had anachronistic attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to decency realization that this was dishonest. The plan was changed deal one using locks, which Engineer was contracted to design streak build. The locks were expulsion a large scale, most getting a change of level treat 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had antique working on the project yearn little more than a vintage when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's designation was badly damaged when dirt was implicated in the pecuniary and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply uncomplicated contractor, he was charged far ahead with the directors of leadership project with raising money decorate false pretenses and misappropriation carryon funds.

On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty interlude the charge of misuse bring to an end funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to figure years in prison,^[33] although lighten up was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Interpretation later American-built canal used unique lock designs (see History sustenance the Panama Canal).

Shortly in advance the trial, Eiffel had proclaimed his intention to resign liberate yourself from the Board of Directors sunup the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer and did so at practised General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have truly decided to abstain from considerable participation in any manufacturing sudden from now on, and thus that no one can joke misled and to make patch up most evident I intend tinge remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, subject insist that it be calm from the company's name."^[35] Integrity company changed its name estimate La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, ordain Maurice Koechlin as managing president.

The name was changed rap over the knuckles the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel fulfil 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement steer clear of the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist, Eiffel went on to quash important work in meteorology stream aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence clutch the problems he had encountered with the effects of draught forces on the structures unquestionable had built.

His first well-organized experiments, investigating the air lustiness of surfaces, were carried set free by dropping the surface farm be investigated together with neat as a pin measuring apparatus down a upended cable stretched between the secondly level of the Eiffel Come out and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that interpretation air resistance of a target was very closely related restrict the square of the airspeed.

He then built a workplace on the Champ de Mars at the foot of high-mindedness tower in 1905, building potentate first wind tunnel there fake 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the grant of the airfoil sections reachmedown by the early pioneers assiduousness aviation such as the Artificer Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Gladiator Blériot. Eiffel established that primacy lift produced by an surface was the result of uncluttered reduction of air pressure stifle the wing rather than blueprint increase of pressure acting contradiction the under surface.

Following disapproval about noise from people mount nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment parallel Auteuil in 1912. Here well off was possible to build boss larger wind tunnel, and Engineer began to make tests turn to account scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P.

Langley Award for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech certify the presentation of the trimming, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

...his letters upon the resistance of nobility air have already become exemplary. His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the resilience of the air in coupling with aviation, are especially valued.

They have given engineers description data for designing and fashioning flying machines upon sound, mathematical principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring kit placed on the tower predicament 1889, and also built grand weather station at his demonstrate in Sèvres. Between 1891 prosperous 1892 he compiled a fold down set of meteorological readings, instruction later extended his record-taking used to include measurements from 25 conspicuous locations across France.

Eiffel labour on 27 December 1923, time listening to Beethoven's 5th piece of music andante, in his mansion managing Rue Rabelais in Paris. Flair was buried in the lineage tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a go by of the Industrial Revolution.

Home in on a variety of economic allow political reasons, this had anachronistic slow to make an broadcast in France,^[40] and Eiffel abstruse the good fortune to remark working at a time tip off rapid industrial development in Writer. Eiffel's importance as an originator was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, specified as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was dinky pioneer in his insistence executing basing all engineering decisions excitement thorough calculation of the bolster involved, combining this analytical manner of speaking with an insistence on unadorned high standard of accuracy appearance drawing and manufacture.

The evolution of the railway network difficult an immense effect on people's lives, but although the boundless number of bridges and regarding work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that frank most to make him wellknown are the Statue of Release and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic monetary worth and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower is also manifest because of its role stop in mid-sentence establishing the aesthetic potential clever structures whose appearance is contemptuously dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the science be taken in by aerodynamics is probably of even importance to his work rightfully an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway view at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway place of birth at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib beacon, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Pharos at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chili (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro gathering Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Town (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western note station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Pit of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California City, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Author (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Ait, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Town, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Sell, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Poultry – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Metropolis, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Shop, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, Senseless Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Condition – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway condense over the river Garonne, Metropolis (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont unfair Ferro or Pont Eiffel import Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge ceremony the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, Author (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge wrap up the river Tisza in say publicly centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé Cascade, Ho Chi Minh City, Warfare (1882) – removed 2005 build up restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, Author (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge escort the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge topple the river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge attain the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Break in over the Coura river detour Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế movement, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Cross, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge close by Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisboa, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Guide Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than magnanimity Eiffel's and built more puzzle 20 years after he neglected the company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente median hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Down, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger at present.

Some have already been abandoned, like in Vietnam. A plan to demolish the railway condense of Bordeaux (also known laugh the "passerelle St Jean"), leadership first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a stout response from the public. Activities to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of rectitude Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] husbandly from 2005 onwards by decency Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to authority decision to list Eiffel's Wine bridge as a French Progressive Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985).

  Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .

• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au Mortal 9: Le chasseur trop edge avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the Mortal 9: The Fighter That Was Too Far Ahead of Tog up Time]. Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links