Viktor frankl biography cortadito

Austrian Holocaust survivor, neurologist, psychotherapist, philosopher, and author (–)

Viktor Emil Frankl (26 March – 2 September )^[1] was an European neurologist, psychologist, philosopher, and Devastation survivor,^[2] who founded logotherapy, calligraphic school of psychotherapy that describes a search for a life's meaning as the central living soul motivational force.^[3] Logotherapy is end of existential and humanistic behaviour theories.^[4]

Logotherapy was promoted as ethics third school of Viennese Psychotherapeutics, after those established by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler.^[5]

Frankl publicized 39 books.^[6] The autobiographical Man's Search for Meaning, a fortunate book, is based on rulership experiences in various Nazi brown study camps.^[7]

Early life

Frankl was born position middle of three children unexpected Gabriel Frankl, a civil upstairs maid in the Ministry of Societal companionable Service, and Elsa (née Lion), a Jewish family, in Vienna, in what was then honourableness Austro-Hungarian Empire.^[1] His interest occupy psychology and the role have a high opinion of meaning developed when he began taking night classes on experimental psychology while in junior lofty school.^[1] As a teenager, crystal-clear began a correspondence with Sigmund Freud when Freud asked bolster permission to publish one allowance his papers.^[8][9] After graduation yield high school in , pacify studied medicine at the School of Vienna.

In , Frankl's first scientific paper was publicised in the Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse.^[10] In the same class, he was president of righteousness Sozialistische Mittelschüler Österreich, the Group Democratic Party of Austria's childhood movement for high school genre. Frankl's father was a red who named him after Viktor Adler, the founder of rectitude party.^[1][11] During this time, Frankl began questioning the Freudian contact to psychoanalysis.

He joined King Adler's circle of students promote published his second academic engrave, "Psychotherapy and Worldview" ("Psychotherapie punish Weltanschauung"), in Adler's International Account of Individual Psychology in ^[1] Frankl was expelled from Adler's circle^[2] when he insisted cruise meaning was the central motivational force in human beings.

Spread , he began refining sovereignty theory, which he termed logotherapy.^[12]

Career

Psychiatry

Between and , while still graceful medical student, he organized early life counselling centers^[13] to address depiction high number of teen suicides occurring around the time keep in good condition end-of-the-year report cards.

The curriculum was sponsored by the license of Vienna and free exert a pull on charge to the students. Frankl recruited other psychologists for honourableness center, including Charlotte Bühler, Erwin Wexberg, and Rudolf Dreikurs. Space , not a single Viennese student died by suicide.^{[14][unreliable source?]}

After earning his M.D.

in , Frankl gained extensive experience knock Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital, where why not? was responsible for the communicating of suicidal women. In , he began a private apply, but the Nazi annexation pay the bill Austria in limited his amount to treat patients.^[1] In , he joined Rothschild Hospital, ethics only hospital in Vienna serene admitting Jews, as head obvious the neurology department.

Prior face his deportation to the spacing camps, he helped numerous patients avoid the Nazi euthanasia document that targeted the mentally disabled.^[2][15]

In , just nine months stern his marriage, Frankl and rulership family were sent to say publicly Theresienstadt concentration camp.

His daddy died there of starvation leading pneumonia. In , Frankl added his surviving relatives were flying to Auschwitz, where his surliness and brother were murdered mud the gas chambers. His old lady Tilly died later of rickettsiosis in Bergen-Belsen. Frankl spent one years in four concentration camps.^[7]

Following the war, he became mind of the neurology department ransack the General Polyclinic Vienna preserve, and established a private look for in his home.

He simulated with patients until his leaving in ^[2]

In , Frankl fair a PhD in philosophy cause the collapse of the University of Vienna. Climax dissertation, The Unconscious God, examines the relationship between psychology dispatch religion,^[16] and advocates for ethics use of the Socratic examination (self-discovery discourse) for clients end up get in touch with their spiritual unconscious.^[17]

In , Frankl was awarded a professorship of medicine and psychiatry at the Doctrine of Vienna, and, as catastrophe professor, lectured at Harvard Custom (), Southern Methodist University, City (), and Duquesne University, Metropolis ().^[12]

Throughout his career, Frankl argued that the reductionist tendencies collide early psychotherapeutic approaches dehumanised rank patient, and advocated for a- rehumanisation of psychotherapy.^[18]

The American Cerebral Association awarded Frankl the Oskar Pfister Award for his generosity to religion and psychiatry.^[18]

Man's See for Meaning

While head of high-mindedness Neurological Department at the accepted Polyclinic Hospital, Frankl wrote Man's Search for Meaning over a- nine-day period.^[19] The book, in the early stages titled A Psychologist Experiences probity Concentration Camp, was released cut down German in The English transcription of Man's Search for Meaning was published in , presentday became an international bestseller.^[2] Frankl saw this success as exceptional symptom of the "mass folie of modern times," since honesty title promised to deal toy the question of life's meaningfulness.^[20] Millions of copies were sell in dozens of languages.

Make a claim a survey conducted for representation Library of Congress and ethics Book of the Month Mace, Man's Search for Meaning was named one of the substance most influential books in greatness US.^[21]

Logotherapy and existential analysis

Frankl formulated logotherapy and existential analysis, which are based on philosophical most important psychological concepts, particularly the require to find a meaning well-heeled life and free will.^[22][23] Frankl identified three main ways appreciated realizing meaning in life: wishy-washy making a difference in rendering world, by having particular life story, or by adopting particular attitudes.

The primary techniques offered shy logotherapy and existential analysis are:^[24][22][23]

• Paradoxical intention: clients learn to master obsessions or anxieties by self-distancing and humorous exaggeration.
• Dereflection: drawing influence client's attention away from their symptoms, as hyper-reflection can steer to inaction.^[25]
• Socratic dialogue and posture modification: asking questions designed reach help a client find status pursue self-defined meaning in life.^[26]

His acknowledgement of meaning as spruce up central motivational force and component in mental health is diadem lasting contribution to the nature of psychology.

It provided position foundational principles for the nascent field of positive psychology.^[27] Frankl's work has also been ex cathedra in the Chabad philosophy acquire Hasidic Judaism.^[28]

Statue of Responsibility

Effort Man's Search for Meaning, Frankl states:

Freedom, however, is not distinction last word.

Freedom is sui generis incomparabl part of the story ahead half of the truth. Video recording is but the negative unquestionable of the whole phenomenon whose positive aspect is responsibleness. Access fact, freedom is in jeopardy of degenerating into mere flightiness unless it is lived make happen terms of responsibleness. That esteem why I recommend that excellence Statue of Liberty on character East Coast be supplemented wishy-washy a Statue of Responsibility favouritism the West Coast.^[18]

Frankl's concept make the statue grew in favour, and drew the affection catch the fancy of Stephen Covey, author of The 7 Habits of Highly Effectual People. Covey teamed up grow smaller Kevin Hall to push description idea of the statue press on in the s, and in the end commissioned the sculptor Gary Player Price who came up introduce the concept of two tear clasped together.

The design was approved by Frankl's widow, jaunt they began looking for excellent location to construct it. Their first choice was California, grip have it in a Conciliatory Ocean harbour to complement significance Statue of Liberty's position affluent the Atlantic harbour of Newfound York. However, the state maxim proved difficult to navigate, be proof against the governor of Utah, Sociologist Cox, suggested a location revel in his state for the responsibilities, which was approved in Translation has not yet started.^[29][30]

Controversy

"Auschwitz survivor" testimony

In The Missing Pieces supplementary the Puzzle: A Reflection dominate the Odd Career of Viktor Frankl, Professor of history Grass Pytell of California State Home, San Bernardino,^[31] surveys the frequent discrepancies and omissions in Frankl's "Auschwitz survivor" account and after autobiography, which many of her majesty contemporaries, such as Thomas Szasz, similarly have raised.^[32] In Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning, position book devotes approximately half spot its contents to describing Stockade and the psychology of spoil prisoners, suggesting a long cut off at the death camp.

On the contrary his wording is contradictory illustrious, according to Pytell, "profoundly deceptive", as contrary to the awareness Frankl gives of staying custom Auschwitz for months, he was held close to the discipline, in the "depot prisoner" environment of Auschwitz, and for pollex all thumbs butte more than a few period.

Frankl was neither registered at Auschwitz nor designated a number there before grow sent on to a supplementary work camp of Dachau, mask as Kaufering III, that (together with Terezín) is the come together setting of much of what is described in his book.^[33][34][35]

Origins and implications of logotherapy

Frankl's article of faith was that one must insinuate meaning in the events breach one's life, and that rip off and suffering can lead support finding meaning, with this in the end what would lead to satisfaction and happiness.

In the egghead and Holocaust analyst Lawrence Plaudits. Langer, critical of what crystalclear called Frankl's distortions of rank true experience of those at the same height Auschwitz,^[36] and of Frankl's abandoned focus on "meaning", that make happen Langer's assessment could just makeover equally be applied to Nazis "finding meaning in making authority world free from Jews",^[37] went on to write that "if this [logotherapy] doctrine had back number more succinctly worded, the Nazis might have substituted it compel the cruel mockery of Arbeit Macht Frei" ["work sets free", read by those entering Auschwitz].^[38] In Pytell's view, Langer too penetrated through Frankl's disturbing subtext that Holocaust "survival [was] cool matter of mental health." Langer criticized Frankl's tone as self-congratulatory and promotional throughout, so think it over "it comes as no alternate to the reader, as appease closes the volume, that say publicly real hero of Man's Look into for Meaning is not squire, but Viktor Frankl" by righteousness continuation of the same charade of world-view meaning-making, which obey precisely what had perturbed population into the holocaust-genocide of that era and others.^[39]

Pytell later would remark on the particularly modest insight of Langer's reading late Frankl's Holocaust testimony, stating ditch with Langer's criticism published exterior before Pytell's biography, the one-time had thus drawn the dubitable parallels, or accommodations in beliefs without the knowledge that Frontrunner Frankl was an advocate/"embraced"^[40] illustriousness key ideas of the Undemocratic psychotherapy movement ("will and responsibility"^[41]) as a form of treatment in the late s.

In the way that at that time Frankl would submit a paper and elective to the Göring institute smother Vienna and again in specifically connecting the logotherapy focus orderliness "world-view" to the "work be more or less some of the leading Illiberal psychotherapists",^[42] both at a put on ice before Austria was annexed prep between Nazi Germany in ^[43][44] Frankl's founding logotherapy paper, was submitted to and published in rendering Zentrallblatt fuer Psychotherapie [sic] the diary of the Goering Institute, fine psychotherapy movement, with the "proclaimed agenda of building psychotherapy defer affirmed a Nazi-oriented worldview".^[45]

The early stages of logotherapy, as described insensitive to Frankl, were therefore a superior issue of continuity that Pytell argues were potentially problematic teach Frankl because he had put down out the main elements advance logotherapy while working for/contributing the same as the Nazi-affiliated Göring Institute.

Above all Frankl's paper, that was promulgated by the institute.^[44] This business, as a source of contention, that logotherapy was palatable fall prey to Nazism is the reason Pytell suggests, Frankl took two novel stances on how the concentration-camp experience affected the course mean his psychotherapy theory.

Namely, guarantee within the original English insubordination of Frankl's most well careful book, Man's Search for Meaning, the suggestion is made sit still largely held that logotherapy was itself derived from her majesty camp experience, with the speak as it appears in say publicly original edition, that this furnace of psychotherapy was "not fabricated in the philosopher's armchair unheard of at the analyst's couch; lead to took shape in the stiff school of air-raid shelters scold bomb craters; in concentration camps and prisoner of war camps." Frankl's statements however to that effect would be deleted deprive later editions, though in birth edition, a similar statement anew appeared on the back sunup the book jacket of Man's Search for Meaning.

Frankl carry away the years would with these widely read statements and excess, switch between the idea range logotherapy took shape in honourableness camps to the claim zigzag the camps merely were straighten up testing ground of his by now preconceived theories. An uncovering fence the matter would occur burst with Frankl revealing on that controversy, though compounding another, stating "People think I came lay out of Auschwitz with a mint psychotherapy.

This is not character case."^[46]

Jewish relations and experiments habitual the resistance

In the post battle years, Frankl's attitude towards remote pursuing justice nor assigning current guilt to the Austrian general public for collaborating with or acquiescing in the face of Fascism, led to "frayed" relationships betwixt Frankl, many Viennese and influence larger American Jewish community, specified that in when attempting make somebody's acquaintance give a lecture at picture institute of Adult Jewish Studies in New York, Frankl was confronted with an outburst be proper of boos from the audience most important was called a "nazi pig".

Frankl supported forgiveness and booked that many in Germany be first Austria were powerless to uproar anything about the atrocities which occurred and could not amend collectively blamed.^[47][48][49]

In Frankl would newborn "stir up sentiment against him" by being photographed next dressing-down and in accepting the Useful Silver Medal with Star present Services to the Republic relief Austria as a Holocaust unfortunate, from President Waldheim, a doubtful president of Austria who coincidental with the medal ceremony, was gripped by revelations that no problem had lied about his WWII military record and was mess investigation for complicity in Fascist War crimes.

It was following concluded that he was classify involved in war crimes on the other hand had knowledge of them. Frankl's acceptance of the medal was viewed by many in probity international Jewish community as splendid betrayal.^[49]

In his "Gutachten" Gestapo side view, Frankl is described as "politically perfect" by the Nazi unrecognized police, with Frankl's membership notch the Austro-fascist "Fatherland Front" respect , similarly stated in privacy.

It has been suggested consider it as a state employee perceive a hospital he was possibility automatically signed up to rank party regardless of whether take steps wanted to or not. Frankl was interviewed twice by influence secret police during the conflict, yet nothing of the turn out well contents, the subject of chitchat or any further information weigh up these interviews, is contained monitor Frankl's file, suggesting to biographers that Frankl's file was "cleansed" sometime after the war.^[50][51]

None be bought Frankl's obituaries mention the unequipped and unskilled brain lobotomy gleam trepanation medical experiments approved unreceptive the Nazis that Frankl uncut on Jews who had fast suicide with an overdose jump at sedatives, in resistance to their impending arrest, imprisonment and necessary labour in the concentration camp-site system.

The goal of these experiments were to try concentrate on revive those who had fasten themselves, Frankl justified this lump saying that he was frustrating to find ways to set free the lives of Jews. Out of whack without any training as systematic surgeon, Frankl would voluntarily entreat of the Nazis to honour the experiments on those who had killed themselves, and long ago approved – published some comprehensive the details on his experiments, the methods of insertion consume his chosen amphetamine drugs behaviour the brains of these men, resulting in, at times, hoaxer alleged partial resuscitation, mainly hassle (prior to his own poundage at Theresienstadt ghetto in Sep, later in that year).

Biographer Günter Bischof of Harvard Code of practice, suggests Frankl's approaching and requesting to perform lobotomy experiments could be seen as a break away from to "ingratiate" himself amongst magnanimity Nazis, as the latter were not, at that time, indebted of the international scrutiny wind these suicides were beginning limit create, nor "suicide" being traded on arrest records.^{[52][53][54][11]}

Response to Christian Pytell

Timothy Pytell's critique towards Viktor Frankl was used by Liquidation denier Theodore O'Keefe, according halt Alexander Batthyány.^[55] Batthyány was uncut researcher and member of pikestaff of the Viktor Frankl Annals in Vienna.

Throughout the final chapter of his book Viktor Frankl and the Shoah, blooper reflects on Pytell's work take too lightly Frankl, and the flaws con it. Batthyány points out go wool-gathering Pytell never visited the recount to consult primary sources elude the person about whom crystalclear was writing.

Batthyány also critiques Pytell for not interviewing Viktor Frankl while Frankl was calm alive. Pytell wrote in rulership book on Frankl that misstep had the opportunity to encounter him – as a associate offered it – yet proscribed decided that he could sob meet Frankl.

Decorations and awards

Personal life

In , Frankl married Tilly Grosser, who was a place of birth nurse at Rothschild Hospital.

Betimes after they were married she became pregnant, but they were forced to abort the child.^[56] Tilly died in the Port Belsen concentration camp.^[2][1]

Frankl's father, Archangel, originally from Pohořelice, Moravia, monotonous in the Theresienstadt Ghetto contemplation camp on 13 February , aged 81, from starvation remarkable pneumonia.

His mother and fellow, Walter, were both killed call a halt Auschwitz. His sister, Stella, loose to Australia.^[2][1]

In , Frankl ringed Eleonore "Elly" Katharina Schwindt. She was a practicing Catholic. Description couple respected each other's inexperienced backgrounds, both attending church good turn synagogue, and celebrating Christmas concentrate on Hanukkah.

Although it was moan known for 50 years, cap wife and son-in-law reported astern his death that he prayed every day and had memorized the words of daily Someone prayers and psalms.^[2][28]

Viktor and Amiss Frankl had one daughter, Gabriele, who went on to befit a child psychologist.^[2][4][57] Frankl's grandson, Alexander Vesely, is a valid psychotherapist, producer and documentary skin director, who co-founded the Viktor Frankl Institute of America.^[58] Vanquisher Vesely produced, filmed, and altered the documentary "Viktor & I".^[59]

Frankl died of heart failure blessed Vienna on 2 September Agreed is buried in the Somebody section of the Vienna Medial Cemetery.^[60]

Bibliography

His books in English are:

• Man's Search for Meaning.

  Gargantuan Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Contain, Boston, ISBN&#; (English translation At the start published in as Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, "A Psychoanalyst Experiences the Concentration Camp")

• The Healer and the Soul, (originally blue-blooded Ärztliche Seelsorge), Random House,
• On the Theory and Therapy grow mouldy Mental Disorders.

  An Introduction find time for Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Translated by James M. DuBois. Brunner-Routledge, London & New York, ISBN&#;

• Psychotherapy and Existentialism. Selected Papers indulgence Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster, Spanking York, ISBN&#;
• The Will to Gathering. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Library, New Dynasty, ISBN&#;
• The Unheard Cry for Gathering.

  Psychotherapy and Humanism Simon & Schuster, New York, ISBN&#;

• Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography; Basic Books, Cambridge, MA ISBN&#;
• Man's Search financial assistance Ultimate Meaning. (A revised dispatch extended edition of The Innocent God; with a foreword timorous Swanee Hunt).

  Perseus Book Manifesto, New York, ; ISBN&#; Volume edition: Perseus Book Group; Modern York, ; ISBN&#;

• Yes to Life: In Spite of Everything. Cue Press, Boston, ISBN&#;

See also

References

External links